A guitar string stops oscillating a few seconds after being plucked. To keep a child happy on a swing, you must keep pushing. Although we can often make friction and other non-conservative forces negligibly small, completely undamped motion is rare. In fact, we may even want to damp oscillations, such as with car shock absorbers.
For a system that has a small amount of damping, the period and frequency are nearly the same as for simple harmonic motion, but the amplitude gradually decreases as shown in Figure 16.22. This occurs because the non-conservative damping force removes energy from the system, usually in the form of thermal energy. In general, energy removal by non-conservative forces is described as
W nc = Δ ( KE + PE ) , W nc = Δ ( KE + PE ) , size 12where W nc W nc size 12 > > <> is work done by a non-conservative force (here the damping force). For a damped harmonic oscillator, W nc W nc size 12 > > <> is negative because it removes mechanical energy (KE + PE) from the system.
Figure 16.22 In this graph of displacement versus time for a harmonic oscillator with a small amount of damping, the amplitude slowly decreases, but the period and frequency are nearly the same as if the system were completely undamped.
If you gradually increase the amount of damping in a system, the period and frequency begin to be affected, because damping opposes and hence slows the back and forth motion. (The net force is smaller in both directions.) If there is very large damping, the system does not even oscillate—it slowly moves toward equilibrium. Figure 16.23 shows the displacement of a harmonic oscillator for different amounts of damping. When we want to damp out oscillations, such as in the suspension of a car, we may want the system to return to equilibrium as quickly as possible Critical damping is defined as the condition in which the damping of an oscillator results in it returning as quickly as possible to its equilibrium position The critically damped system may overshoot the equilibrium position, but if it does, it will do so only once. Critical damping is represented by Curve A in Figure 16.23. With less-than critical damping, the system will return to equilibrium faster but will overshoot and cross over one or more times. Such a system is underdamped ; its displacement is represented by the curve in Figure 16.22. Curve B in Figure 16.23 represents an overdamped system. As with critical damping, it too may overshoot the equilibrium position, but will reach equilibrium over a longer period of time.
Two curves start at a point along the y axis, where X subscript zero is greater than zero. Curve A is curved downward and meets x axis at a point. Curve B is curved upward and is over curve A and meets x axis at a point which is toward the far right of the meeting point of the curve A and x axis." width="250" height="159" />
Figure 16.23 Displacement versus time for a critically damped harmonic oscillator (A) and an overdamped harmonic oscillator (B). The critically damped oscillator returns to equilibrium at X = 0 X = 0 size 12
Critical damping is often desired, because such a system returns to equilibrium rapidly and remains at equilibrium as well. In addition, a constant force applied to a critically damped system moves the system to a new equilibrium position in the shortest time possible without overshooting or oscillating about the new position. For example, when you stand on bathroom scales that have a needle gauge, the needle moves to its equilibrium position without oscillating. It would be quite inconvenient if the needle oscillated about the new equilibrium position for a long time before settling. Damping forces can vary greatly in character. Friction, for example, is sometimes independent of velocity (as assumed in most places in this text). But many damping forces depend on velocity—sometimes in complex ways, sometimes simply being proportional to velocity.
Damping oscillatory motion is important in many systems, and the ability to control the damping is even more so. This is generally attained using non-conservative forces such as the friction between surfaces, and viscosity for objects moving through fluids. The following example considers friction. Suppose a 0.200-kg object is connected to a spring as shown in Figure 16.24, but there is simple friction between the object and the surface, and the coefficient of friction μ k μ k size 12 > > <> is equal to 0.0800. (a) What is the frictional force between the surfaces? (b) What total distance does the object travel if it is released 0.100 m from equilibrium, starting at v = 0 v = 0 size 12 <> ? The force constant of the spring is k = 50 . 0 N/m k = 50 . 0 N/m size 12 <> .
The energy of the object is half k x squared. In the given figure (b), after force is applied, the object moves to the left, compressing the spring slightly. The displacement of the object from its initial position is indicated by dots. The force F, here is equal to zero and velocity v, is maximum in the negative direction or the left. The energy of the object in this case is half m times negative v-max whole squared. In the given figure (c), the spring has been compressed the maximum limit, and the amplitude is minus X. Now the force is toward the right, indicated here with a red arrow pointing to the right and the velocity, v, is zero. The energy of the object now is half k times negative x whole squared. In the given figure (d), the spring is shown released from its compressed position and the object has moved toward the right side to reach the equilibrium level. Here, F is equal to zero, and the velocity, v, is the maximum. The energy of the object becomes half k times v max squared. In the given figure (e), the spring has been stretched loose to the maximum possible limit and the object has moved to the far right. Now the velocity v, here is equal to zero and the direction of force is toward the left. As shown here, F is equal to zero. The energy of the object in this case is half k times x squared." width="449" height="282" />
Figure 16.24 The transformation of energy in simple harmonic motion is illustrated for an object attached to a spring on a frictionless surface.
This problem requires you to integrate your knowledge of various concepts regarding waves, oscillations, and damping. To solve an integrated concept problem, you must first identify the physical principles involved. Part (a) is about the frictional force. This is a topic involving the application of Newton’s Laws. Part (b) requires an understanding of work and conservation of energy, as well as some understanding of horizontal oscillatory systems.
Now that we have identified the principles we must apply in order to solve the problems, we need to identify the knowns and unknowns for each part of the question, as well as the quantity that is constant in Part (a) and Part (b) of the question.
The force here is small because the system and the coefficients are small.
Identify the known:
F el = f kx = μ k mg x = μ k mg k . F el = f kx = μ k mg x = μ k mg k . alignl < stack < size 12
W nc = Δ KE + PE = PE el,f − PE el,i = 1 2 k μ k mg k 2 − X 2 . W nc = Δ KE + PE = PE el,f − PE el,i = 1 2 k μ k mg k 2 − X 2 . size 12
1 2 k μ k mg k 2 − X 2 = − μ k mgd . 1 2 k μ k mg k 2 − X 2 = − μ k mgd . size 12 < < <1>over > k left ( left ( < > > over > right ) rSup < size 8> - X rSup < size 8> right )= - μ rSub < size 8> > <>
d = k 2 μ k mg ( X 2 – ( μ k mg k ) 2 ) . d = k 2 μ k mg ( X 2 – ( μ k mg k ) 2 ) . size 12
d = 50.0 N/m 2 ( 0.0800 ) ( 0.200 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( ( 0.100 m ) 2 − ( ( 0.0800 ) ( 0.200 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) 50.0 N/m ) 2 ) . d = 50.0 N/m 2 ( 0.0800 ) ( 0.200 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( ( 0.100 m ) 2 − ( ( 0.0800 ) ( 0.200 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) 50.0 N/m ) 2 ) .
d = 1 . 59 m . d = 1 . 59 m . size 12This is the total distance traveled back and forth across x = 0 x = 0 size 12 <> , which is the undamped equilibrium position. The number of oscillations about the equilibrium position will be more than d / X = ( 1 . 59 m ) / ( 0 . 100 m ) = 15 . 9 d / X = ( 1 . 59 m ) / ( 0 . 100 m ) = 15 . 9 size 12 <> because the amplitude of the oscillations is decreasing with time. At the end of the motion, this system will not return to x = 0 x = 0 size 12 <> for this type of damping force, because static friction will exceed the restoring force. This system is underdamped. In contrast, an overdamped system with a simple constant damping force would not cross the equilibrium position x = 0 x = 0 size 12 <> a single time. For example, if this system had a damping force 20 times greater, it would only move 0.0484 m toward the equilibrium position from its original 0.100-m position.
This worked example illustrates how to apply problem-solving strategies to situations that integrate the different concepts you have learned. The first step is to identify the physical principles involved in the problem. The second step is to solve for the unknowns using familiar problem-solving strategies. These are found throughout the text, and many worked examples show how to use them for single topics. In this integrated concepts example, you can see how to apply them across several topics. You will find these techniques useful in applications of physics outside a physics course, such as in your profession, in other science disciplines, and in everyday life.
Why are completely undamped harmonic oscillators so rare?
Friction often comes into play whenever an object is moving. Friction causes damping in a harmonic oscillator.
Describe the difference between overdamping, underdamping, and critical damping.
An overdamped system moves slowly toward equilibrium. An underdamped system moves quickly to equilibrium, but will oscillate about the equilibrium point as it does so. A critically damped system moves as quickly as possible toward equilibrium without oscillating about the equilibrium.
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